The eye consists of several layers and structures that work together to facilitate vision. The main parts of the eye include:
: When light hits the retina, it triggers a chemical change in the photopigments of the rods and cones. This chemical change generates an electrical impulse. anatomy and physiology of eye ak khurana pdf
The interior of the eye is divided into segments that manage pressure and clarity: The eye consists of several layers and structures
| Anatomy/Physiology Topic | Clinical Application | |--------------------------|----------------------| | Open-angle glaucoma | Impaired outflow through trabecular meshwork → raised IOP → optic disc cupping | | Central retinal artery occlusion | Sudden painless monocular blindness; cherry-red spot (because choroid supplies fovea) | | Horner’s syndrome | Sympathetic chain lesion → ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis | | Argyll Robertson pupil | Light-near dissociation (usually neurosyphilis) – lesion in pretectal area | | Diabetic retinopathy | Non-proliferative: microaneurysms, hemorrhages; Proliferative: VEGF-driven neovascularization | | Cataract | Lens opacity due to UV, diabetes, aging – disrupts crystallin organization | The interior of the eye is divided into
: Each eyeball is protected by the orbit, eyelids, and conjunctiva, and kept moist by the lacrimal system—together known as the appendages of the eye. Physiological Wonders :
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