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Historically, studios like Universal and Paramount relied on star power and genre cycles (westerns, musicals). However, the contemporary model is anchored in intellectual property (IP) . The Walt Disney Company exemplifies this shift. Through acquisitions of Pixar (2006), Marvel (2009), Lucasfilm (2012), and 20th Century Fox (2019), Disney transformed from an animation house into a "content refinery." Its Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) —spanning over 30 films and multiple series—demonstrates a production model based on intertextuality, where each release serves as both a standalone product and a commercial for the next.

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